My Recent Studies...

Chemistry
o3 = Ozone
Ionizing Radiation
The release of energy that allows an unstable nucleus to attain a more stable form
Transmutation
Changing one element to another or one isotope to another.

ion |ˈʌɪən|
Noun
An atom or molecule with a net electric charge due to the loss or gain of one or more electrons.

isotope |ˈʌɪsətəʊp|
Noun
Each of two or more forms of the same element that contain equal numbers of protons but different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei, and hence differ in relative atomic mass but not in chemical properties; in particular, a radioactive form of an element.

molecule |ˈmɒlɪkjuːl|
Noun
A group of atoms bonded together, representing the smallest fundamental unit of a chemical compound that can take part in a chemical reaction.

Compound |ˈkɒmpaʊnd|a
Noun
 Thing that is composed of two or more separate elements; a mixture: the air smelled like a compound of diesel and petrol fumes.• (also chemical compound )a substance formed from two or more elements chemically united in fixed proportions: a compound of hydrogen and oxygen | lead compounds.• a word made up of two or more existing words.

particle
 |ˈpɑːtɪk(ə)l|
noun
 a minute portion of matter
• (also subatomic or elementary particle )Physics any of numerous subatomic constituents of the physical world that interact with each other, including electrons, neutrinos, photons, and alpha particles.

solvent |ˈsɒlv(ə)nt|noun
the liquid in which a solute is dissolved to form a solution.
• a liquid, typically one other than water, used for dissolving other substances.
• something that acts to weaken or dispel a particular attitude or situation: an unrivalled solvent of social prejudices.

solute
 |ˈsɒljuːt, sɒˈljuːt|
noun
the minor component in a solution, dissolved in the solvent.

solution |səˈluːʃ(ə)n|noun
a liquid mixture in which the minor component (the solute) is uniformly distributed within the major component (the solvent).• [ mass noun ] the process or state

 polar |ˈpəʊlə|
adjective
Physics & Chemistry having electrical or magnetic polarity.• (of a liquid, especially a solvent) consisting of molecules with a dipole moment.• (of a solid) ionic.

energy
Power derived from the utilization of physical or chemical resources, especially to provide light and heat or to work machines: nuclear energy.

soluble
adjective
able to be dissolved, especially in water

peroxide
noun
a compound containing two oxygen atoms bonded together in its molecule or as the anion O22-
AMU (Atomic Mass Units)
The standard unit of measurement of Atoms.
1/12 The mass of an atom of 12C
Moles
1 mole of Oxygen - 6.022 x 10(small 23) atoms (16grams)
moles are used to see how strong things work
Molar concentration = Molarity = M = amount of solute in moles/volume of solution in Litres
Silver Nitrate is an inorganic compound with a chemical formula of AgNO3.
Water = Aqueous Solution
If the solvent has no polarity (oil) in it then water will not mix with it
Cations = Positively Charged
Anions = Negaitvely charged
Cations are called the name of the element then Ion (Sodium = Sodium Ion)
Anions are different as their names end with IDE (Chlorine = Chloride Sulfur = Sulfide)
In an Ionic compound the Cation must go first (Sodium Chloride)
Denote the size of the ion's charge by using Roman numerals between the Cation and the Anion using parentheses and being spaced
Reduction is when a substance GAINS electrons
Protochemists make pure metals by heating or smelting their ores
Metals on the left side of the table are ALWAYS Cations
Rules of Oxidation:
All Atoms by themselves = 0
Monatomic ions = Oxidation Number = Charge of The Ion
Oxygen Oxidation = -2 unless in a peroxide
Hydrogen oxidation number = +1
Fluorine Oxidation number = -1   (Halogens as well unless they are combined with fluorine or Oxygen)
All compounds have an oxidation number of 0 e.g. Water = H20
Hydrogen + Hydrogen = 2 + Oxygen = 0
Polyatomic Ions (composed of two or more atoms Covalently Bonded or of a Metal Complex that can be considered to be acting as a single unit.) must = -2

Redox Reactions Example
N + 3H2 = 2NH3
Why?
N Oxidation = 0 so does H because it is by itself.
But when put together it is 2NH3 and H will have an Oxidation number of 3 because there are 3 hydrogen atoms and Nitrogen must be -3 but when oxidised Hydrogen must be +1 while Nitrogen stays at -3 as it is reduced.

STP
Standard Temperature and Pressure = 0 degrees (or 273.15 K)  and 100 kPA
K = Kelvins
OILRIG
Oil - Oxidation is loss of Electrons
Rig - Reduction is gain of Electrons
Atoms by themselves don't have a charge.

The Complicated Language of Chemistry





THE IDEAL GAS LAW
Pressure*Volume = Constant or PV = k (as long at Temperature stays the same)
Boyle's Law (Or really Henry Powers Law)
Volume/Pressure and Volume/the number of moles = Constant
Pressure*Volume = number of moles of a substance*constant*temperature = P V = n R T
Universal Gas Constant = 8.3145
Pressure is measured in pascalss
This only works if the gases are behaving and not differently then they should (e.g. not being attracted to each other or taking up too much space, if there is high density then the atoms will take up more space) They usually behave the temperature is neither too high or too low

Absolute Zero is the lowest temperature possible and is theorised to  -273.15 degrees Celsius. When an absolute zero temperature is reached all molecular motion ceases.
 You can't have heat. It's something that is transferred; Thermal Reaction.
3 types of energy
Mass - Mass and energy are the same thing because it's extremely hard to release the nuclear energy of something (E = mc2)
Thermal - Anything warmer than absolute zero has thermal energy.
Chemical - Chemical energy is stored in the bonds of the atoms and releasing chemical energy is possible by burning the object.
and then there is Potential energy.
Potential Energy - Energy contained within a system because of its position.

Laws Of Thermodynamics
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics: If two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third system, they must be in thermal equilibrium with each other. This law helps define the notion of temperature.

First Law of Thermodynamics: Because energy is conserved, the internal energy of a system changes as heat flows in or out of it. Equivalently, machines that violate the first law (perpetual motion machines) are impossible. Heat is the flow of thermal energy from one object to another.

Second Law of Thermodynamics: The entropy of any isolated system not in thermal equilibrium almost always increases. Closed systems spontaneously evolve towards thermal equilibrium—the state of maximum entropy of the system—in a process known as "thermalization". Equivalently, machines that violate the second law (perpetual motion machines) are impossible.

Third Law of Thermodynamics: The entropy of any pure substance in thermodynamic equilibrium approaches zero as the temperature approaches zero. The entropy of a system at absolute zero is typically zero, and in all cases is determined only by the number of different it has.

The System and The Surroundings
The system being what we study
The surroundings being everything around that

∆E = q + w

Enthalpy = H = E + PV
 It is equal to the internal energy of the system plus the product of pressure and volume.

Important People in Chemistry
Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac
Dmitri Mendeleev
Albert Einstein
Democritus
Friedrich Wilhelm Ostwald
Lorenzo Romano Amedeo Carlo Avogadro Di Quaregna e Di Cereto (Avogrado's number)
Michael Faraday
Svante Arrhenius   > these 3 guys connected
William Whewell
(when things dissolve in water conducts electric currents)
Sir Ernest Rutherford
Atonine Lavoisier
Robert Boyle
Henry Power
Robert Townley